|
C & F:
See Cost
and Freight
cabotage:
A federal law
that requires coastal and intercoastal traffic to be carried in U.S.-built and
registered ships.
CAD:
See Cash
Against Documents.
CAF:
See
Currency Adjustment Factor.
cage:
(1) A secure
enclosed area for storing highly valuable items, (2) a pallet-sized platform
with sides that can be secured to the tines of a forklift and in which a person
may ride to inventory items stored well above the warehouse floor.
capital:
The resources, or
money, available for investing in assets that produce output.
CAPSTAN:
Computer-Aided
Planned Stowage and Networking system.
CARAT:
Cargo Agents
Reservation Air Waybill Issuance and Tracking.
Cargo:
Merchandise carried
by a means of transportation.
Carmack Amendment:
An
Interstate Commerce Act amendment that delineates the liability of common
carriers and the bill of lading provisions.
Carnet:
A customs document
allowing special categories of goods to cross international borders without
payment of duties.
carousel:
A rotating
system of layers of bins and/or drawers that can store many small items using
relatively little floor space.
Carriage:
See Transportation.
Carrier:
An enterprise
engaged in the business of transporting goods.
Carrier Assets:
Items that
a carrier owns (technically or outright) to facilitate the services they
provide.
Carrier Certificate and Release
Order:
Used to advise customs of the shipment's details. By means
of this document, the carrier certifies that the firm or individual named in the
certificate is the owner or consignee of the cargo.
carrier liability:
A
common carrier is liable for all shipment loss, damage, and delay with the
exception of that caused by act of God, act of a public enemy, act of a public
authority, act of the shipper, and the goods' inherent nature.
Cartage:
There are two
definitions for this term: 1) charge for pick-up and delivery of goods 2)
movement of goods locally (short distances).
carton flow rack:
A
storage rack consisting of multiple lines of gravity flow conveyors.
Cash
Against Documents (CAD):
A method of payment for goods in
which documents transferring title are given to the buyer upon payment of cash
to an intermediary acting for the seller.
Cash In
Advance (CIA):
A method of payment for goods whereby the
buyer pays the seller in advance of shipment of goods.
Cash with
Order (CWO):
A method of payment for goods where cash is paid
at the time of order, and the transaction becomes binding on both buyer and
seller
central
processing unit (CPU):
The physical part of the computer that does the actual
computing.
centralized
authority:
The restriction of authority to make decisions to few
managers.
Certificate of Insurance:
A negotiable document indicating that insurance has been secured under an open
policy to cover loss or damage to a shipment while in transit.
Certificate of Origin:
A
document containing an affidavit to prove the origin of imported goods. Used for
customs and foreign exchange purposes.
certificate
of public convenience and necessity:
The grant of operating
authority that common carriers receive. A carrier must prove that a public need
exists and that the carrier is fit, willing, and able to provide the needed
service. The certificate may specify the commodities the carrier may haul, and
the routes it may use.
certificated
carrier:
A for-hire air carrier that is subject to economic regulation and
requires an operating certification to provide service.
CFS:
See Container
Freight Station.
CFS/CFS:
See Container
Freight Station to Container Freight Station.
Channel of Distribution:
A
means by which a manufacturer distributes products from the plant to the
ultimate user, including warehouses, brokers, wholesalers, retailers, etc.
Chargeable Weight:
The
shipment weight used in determining freight charges. The chargeable weight may
be the dimensional weight or, for container shipments, the gross weight of the
shipment less the tare weight of the container.
charging
area:
A warehouse area where a company maintains battery chargers and extra
batteries to support a fleet of electrically powered materials handling
equipment. The company must maintain this area in accordance with government
safety regulations.
chock:
A wedge, usually made of hard rubber or steel, that is
firmly placed under the wheel of a trailer, truck, or boxcar to stop it from
rolling.
CIA:
See Cash In
Advance.
CIF:
See Cost,
Insurance and Freight.
city
driver:
A motor carrier driver who drives a local route as opposed to a
long-distance, intercity route.
Civil
Aeronautics Board:
A federal regulatory agency that implemented economic
regulatory controls over air carriers.
CL:
Carload rail service requiring shipper to meet minimum
weight.
claim:
A charge made against a carrier for loss, damage, delay, or
overcharge.
Class I
carrier:
A classification of regulated carriers based upon annual operating
revenues--motor carriers of property; $5 million; railroads; $50 million;
motor carriers of passengers; $3 million.
Class II
carrier:
A classification of regulated carriers based upon annual operating
revenues--motor carriers of property: $1-$5
million; railroads: $10-$50 million; motor carriers of passengers: $3
million.
Class III
carrier:
A classification of regulated carriers based upon annual operating
revenues--motor carriers of property: $1 million; railroads $10
million.
Class Rates:
A grouping of
goods or commodities under one general heading. All the items in the group make
up a class. The freight rates that apply to all items in the class are called
"class rates."
classification:
An alphabetical listing of commodities, the class or rating
into which the commodity is placed, and the minimum weight necessary for the
rate discount; used in the class rate structure.
classification yard:
A railroad terminal area where railcars are
grouped together to form train units.
Clearance:
A document
stating that a shipment is free to be imported into the country after all legal
requirements have been met.
coastal
carriers:
Water carriers that provide service along coasts serving ports on the
Atlantic or Pacific Oceans or on the Gulf of Mexico.
COFC:
See Container
on Flat Car.
Collect Freight:
Freight
payable to the carrier at the port of discharge or ultimate destination. The
consignee does not pay the freight charge if the cargo does not arrive at the
destination.
Collective Paper:
All
documents (commercial invoices, bills of lading, etc.) submitted to a buyer for
the purpose of receiving payment for a shipment.
Combi Aircraft:
An
aircraft specially designed to carry unitized cargo loads on the upper deck of
the craft, forward of the passenger area.
Commercial
Invoice:
A document created by the seller. It is an official
document which is used to indicate, among other things, the name and address of
the buyer and seller, the product(s) being shipped, and their value for customs,
insurance, or other purposes.
commercial
zone:
The area surrounding a city or town to which rate carriers quote for the
city or town also apply; the ICC defines the area.
Committee of
American Steamship Lines:
An industry association representing subsidized
U.S. flag steamship firms.
Commodities:
Any article exchanged in trade, most commonly used to refer
to raw materials and agricultural products.
commodities
clause:
A clause that prohibits railroads from hauling commodities that they
produced, mined, owned, or had an interest in.
Commodity Code:
A code
describing a commodity or a group of commodities pertaining to goods
classification. This code can be carrier tariff or regulating in nature.
commodity
rate:
A rate for a specific commodity and its origin-destination.
common
carrier:
A for-hire carrier that holds itself out to serve the general public
passenger and/or cargo transport services at reasonable rates and without
discrimination. To operate, the carrier must secure a certificate of public
convenience and necessity.
common
carrier duties:
Common carriers must serve, deliver, charge reasonable
rates, and not discriminate.
common
cost:
A cost that a company cannot directly assign to particular segments of
the business; a cost that the company incurs for the business as a
whole.
commuter:
An exempt for-hire air carrier that publishes a time
schedule on specific routes; a special type of air taxi.
comparative
advantage:
A principle based on the assumption that an area will specialize in
producing goods for which it has the greatest advantage or the least comparative
disadvantage.
Conference:
A group of
vessel operators joined for the purpose of establishing freight rates.
Conference Carrier:
An
ocean carrier who is a member of an association known as a "conference." The
purpose of the conference is to standardize shipping practices, eliminate
freight rate competition, and provide regularly scheduled service between
specific ports.
Conrail:
The Consolidated Rail Corporation established by the
Regional Reorganization Act of 1973 to operate the bankrupt Penn Central
Railroad and other bankrupt railroads in the Northeast; the 4-R Act of 1976
provided funding.
Consignee:
The receiver of goods, i.e. a freight shipment, usually the
buyer.
Consignment:
Goods shipped
to an overseas agent when an actual purchase has not been made, but when the
consignee agrees to sell the goods.
Consignor:
The shipper of
goods, or shipper of a transportation movement.
consolidation:
Collecting smaller shipments
to form a larger quantity in order to realize lower transportation rates.
Consolidation Point:
The
location where consolidation takes place.
Consolidator:
An
enterprise that provides services to group shipments, orders, and/or goods to
facilitate movement.
Consolidator's Bill of
Lading:
A bill of lading issued by a consolidator as a receipt
for merchandise that will be grouped with cargo obtained from other shippers.
See also House Air Waybill.
Consul:
A government
official residing in a foreign country, charged with representing the interests
of his or her country and its nationals.
Consular Declaration:
A
formal statement made to the consul of a country describing merchandise to be
shipped to that consul's country. Approval must be obtained prior to shipment.
Consular Documents:
Special forms signed by the consul of a country to which cargo is destined.
Consular Invoice:
A
document, required by some foreign countries, describing a shipment of goods and
showing information such as the consignor, consignee, and value of the shipment.
Certified by a consular official of the foreign country, it is used by the
country's custom
Container:
This term is
associated with more than one definition: 1) anything in which goods are packed
2) a single rigid receptacle without wheels that is used for the transport of
goods (a type of carrier equipment into which freight is loaded).
Container Chassis:
A
vehicle built for the purpose of transporting a container so that, when a
container and chassis are assembled, the produced unit serves as a road trailer.
Container Depot:
The
storage area for empty containers.
Container Freight Station
(CFS):
The location designated by carriers for receipt of
cargo to be packed into containers/equipment by the carrier. At destination, CFS
is the location designated by the carrier for unpacking of cargo from
equipment/containers.
Container Freight Station
Charge:
The charge assessed for services performed at the loading
or discharge location.
Container Freight Station to Container Freight
Station (CFS/CFS):
A type of steamship-line service in which
cargo is transported between container freight stations, where containers may be
stuffed, stripped, or consolidated. Usually used for less-than-container load
shipments.
Container
I.D.:
An identifier assigned to a container by a carrier. See also Equipment
ID.
Container
on Flat Car
(COFC):
A carriage of intermodal containers
detached from their chassis on rail flat cars.
Container Terminal:
An
area designated to be used for the stowage of cargo in containers that may be
accessed by truck, rail, or ocean transportation.
Container Vessel:
A vessel
specifically designed for the carriage of containers.
Container Yard:
The
location designated by the carrier for receiving, assembling, holding, storing,
and delivering containers, and where containers may be picked up by shippers or
redelivered by consignees.
Container Yard to Container Yard
(CY/CY):
A type of steamship-line service in which freight is
transported from origin container yard to destination container yard.
Containerization:
The
technique of using a boxlike device in which a number of packages are stored,
protected, and handled as a single unit in transit.
contingency
planning:
Preparing to deal with calamities (e.g., floods) and noncalamitous
situations (e.g., strikes) before they occur.
continuous
replenishment (CRP):
A system used to reduce customer inventories and improve
service usually to large customers.
continuous-flow, fixed-path equipment:
Materials
handling devices that include conveyors and drag lines.
contract
carrier:
A for-hire carrier that does not serve the general public but serves
shippers with whom the carrier has a continuing contract. The contract carrier
must secure a permit to operate.
Conveyance:
The
application used to describe the function of a vehicle of transfer.
conveyor:
A materials handling device that moves freight from one
warehouse area to another. Roller conveyors utilize gravity, whereas belt
conveyors use motors.
cooperative
associations:
Groups of firms or individuals having common interests;
agricultural cooperative associations may haul up to 25 percent of their total
interstate nonfarm, nonmember goods tonnage in movements incidental and
necessary to their primary business.
coordinated
transportation:
Two or more carriers of different modes transporting a
shipment.
CORBA:
Common Object
Request Broker Architecture.
Cost and Freight (C &
F) :
The seller quotes a price that includes the cost of
transportation to a specific point. The buyer assumes responsibility for loss
and damage and pays for the insurance of the shipment.
cost of lost
sales:
The forgone profit companies associate with a stockout.
cost
trade-off:
The interrelationship among system variables in which a change in one
variable affects other variables' costs. A cost reduction in one variable may
increase costs for other variables, and vice versa.
Cost, Insurance and Freight
(CIF):
The price quote that the seller offers to the buyer, which
includes cost of the goods, insurance of the goods, and transportation charges.
Council of
Logistics Management (CLM):
A professional organization in the logistics
field that provides leadership in understanding the logistics process, awareness
of career opportunities in logistics, and research that enhances customer value
and supply chain performance.
Countertrade:
A reciprocal
trading agreement that includes a variety of transactions involving two or more
parties.
Countervailing Duties:
Special duties imposed on imports to offset the benefits of subsidies to
producers or exporters of the exporting country.
Country of Destination:
The country that will be the ultimate or final destination for goods.
Country of
Origin:
The country where the goods were manufactured.
courier
service:
A fast, door-to-door service for high-valued goods and documents; firms
usually limit service to shipments weighing fifty pounds or less.
crane:
A materials handling device that lifts heavy items. There
are two types: bridge and stacker.
Credit Terms:
The
agreement between two or more enterprises concerning the amount and timing of
payment for goods or services.
critical
value analysis:
A modified ABC analysis in which a company assigns a
subjective critical value to each item in an inventory.
Cross
Dock:
An enterprise that provides services to transfer
goods from one piece of transportation equipment to another.
cross-docking:
The movement of goods directly from receiving dock to
shipping dock to eliminate storage expense.
CSG:
Communications
Support Group.
Cube Out:
The situation
when a piece of equipment has reached its volumetric capacity before reaching
the permitted weight limit.
Cubic Capacity:
The
carrying capacity of a piece of equipment according to measurement in cubic
feet.
Currency Adjustment Facto r
(CAF):
A surcharge imposed by a carrier on ocean freight charges
to offset foreign currency fluctuations.
Customer:
An enterprise
that uses the services as provided by another enterprise.
Customer
Order:
The seller's internal translation of their
buyer's Purchase Order. The document contains much of the same information as
the purchase order but may use different Product IDs for some or all of the line
items. It will also determine inventory availability
Customer
Service:
The series of activities involved in providing the full range of services
to customers:
Customs:
The authorities
designated to collect duties levied by a country on imports and exports.
Customs Broker / Customhouse
Broker:
A firm that represents importers/exporters in dealings
with customs. Normally responsible for obtaining and submitting all documents
for clearing merchandise through customs, arranging inland transport, and paying
all charges related to these functions.
Customs Clearance:
The act
of obtaining permission to import merchandise from another country into the
importing nation.
Customs Invoice:
A
document that contains a declaration by the seller, the shipper, or the agent as
to the value of the shipment.
Customs Value:
The value
of the imported goods on which duties will be assessed.
CWO:
See Cash with Order.
CWT:
The abbreviation for
hundredweight, which is the equivalent of 100 pounds.
CY/CY:
See Container
Yard to Container Yard.
cycle
inventory:
An inventory system where counts are performed
continuously, often eliminating the need for an annual overall inventory. It is
usually set up so that A items are counted regularly (i.e., every month), B
items are counted semi-regularly (every quarter or six months), and C Items are
counted perhaps only once a year.
Cycle
Time:
The elapsed time between commencement and completion of a
process.
|
Logistic terms
